lesson
Temperature change depends on mass and material
1 · Learn
Energy transferred to raise temperature is E = mcΔT when the stated model applies and no change of state occurs. Specific heat capacity c gives energy per kilogram per degree of temperature rise.
In a real heating experiment, some supplied energy may reach the container or surroundings. A calculation assuming all input heats the sample should state that simplification.
2 · Worked example
For 2 kg, c = 400 J/(kg °C) and a 5°C rise, E = 4,000 J.
3 · Your turn
Using c = 500 J/(kg °C), find energy for 3 kg rising by 4°C.
Check your answer
6,000 J.
4 · Apply your learning
Identify controls and possible energy losses in a supplied experiment description; do not conduct heating without supervision.
Adult guidance and safety
Use supplied data and approved diagrams. Laboratory work requires qualified supervision, suitable equipment and a risk assessment. No independent chemical, electrical, heating, radiation or biological-culture experiments. Human biology is general education, not personal diagnosis or treatment.
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Check a calculation · Year 5 onward
Use this only when your teacher or adult allows a calculator for the task. Show your thinking first. It does not replace mental or written arithmetic and does not mark your lesson answer.
Powers, roots and trigonometry · Year 7 onward
Use only when the task allows a calculator. Choose one operation at a time and record your working. Trigonometry here always uses degrees (DEG), not radians. Inverse sine, cosine and tangent return an angle, not a reciprocal. Keep exact fractions and π in answers when requested.
Approximate numerical results use up to 12 significant digits. Inverse sine returns −90° to 90°, inverse cosine 0° to 180°, and inverse tangent −90° to 90°; these are principal values, not every possible solution of a trigonometric equation.
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